Husband Nuño Rodriguez de Guzman 1
Born: Abt 1026 - <Léon, Léon>, Spain
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Wife Ximena Ordonez 1
Born: Abt 1030 - <Léon, Léon>, Spain
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Children
1 F Ximena Nunia de Guzman 1 2
AKA: Ximena Nuñez de Guzman
Born: Abt 1048 - <Léon, Léon>, Spain
Christened:
Died: 1128
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Spouse: Alfonso VI "the Brave" , of Castile, King of Castile and Leon (Bef 1040-1109) 1 3 4
Husband Aeddan ap Gwaethfoed, Lord of Grismwnt 5
Born:
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Father: Gwaethfoed , Lord of Cardigan ( - ) 5
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Wife
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1 M Rhys ap Aeddan, Lord of Grismwnt 5
Born:
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Research Notes: Husband - Aeddan ap Gwaethfoed, Lord of Grismwnt
From History of Powys Fadog, Vol. 5, p. 102:
"Fourth son of Gwaethfoed, Lord of Cardigan, who bore or, a lion rampant regardant sable."
"Gwaethfoed Fawr, Prince of Ceredigion, was the son of Eunydd ab Cadifor ab Peredur Peiswrydd ab Einion ab Eunydd ab Pwll ab Sanddef ab Gwyddno Goron Aur, Prince of the Cantref y Gwaelod."
Husband Tegid ap Gwair 6
Born: Cir 595 - North Wales
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Father: Gwair ap Dwg (Cir 0555- ) 7
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Wife
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1 M Alcwn ap Tegid 8
Born: Cir 635 - Wales
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Husband Cadivor ap Gwenwynwyn
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Father: Gwenwynwyn , Prince of Powys-Wenwynwyn ( - )
Mother:
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Wife
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1 M Severus ap Cadivor ap Gwenwynwyn
Born:
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Research Notes: Husband - Cadivor ap Gwenwynwyn
Source: A Genealogical and Heraldic Dictionary of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland" by John Burke & John Bernard Burke, vol. I (London, 1847), p. 655
Husband Madog ap Gwenwynwyn
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1 F Eve verch Madog ap Gwenwynwyn
AKA: Eve verch Madoc ap Gwen-win-win
Born:
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Spouse: Owain ap Bleddyn ( - )
Research Notes: Husband - Madog ap Gwenwynwyn
Source: Collections Historical & Archaeological Relating to Montgomeryshire, and its Borders, Vol. XIII. (London, 1880), "The Tanat Pedigree", p. 121
Husband Cynfyn ap Gwerstan
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Father: Gwerstan ( - )
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Wife Angharad verch Maredudd ap Owain 9 10 11
Born:
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Father: Maredudd ap Owain ap Hywel Dda, King of Deheubarth ( -Abt 0999)
Mother:
Other Spouse: Llywelyn ap Seisyll, Prince of N Wales, King of Deheubarth & Gwynedd (Abt 0980-Abt 1023) 10 12 13 - 994
Children
1 M Bleddyn ap Cynfyn
AKA: Blethyn ap Cynvyn
Born:
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Died: Abt 1075
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2 M Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn, of Powys
Born:
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Research Notes: Husband - Cynfyn ap Gwerstan
Source: A History of Wales by John Davies, London, 2007, p. 81
From Dictionary of National Biography, vol. XII, edited by Sidney Lee, New York, 1909, p. 1015:
"Maredudd [ap Owain]'s only son, so far as is known, died before him. But so great was the prestige he acquired in his brief reign that his daughter, Angharad, was regarded, contrary to ordinary Welsh custom, as capable of transmitting some royal right to her descendants. H first husband, Llywelyn ap Seisyll [q. v.], ruled Gwynedd from about 1010 to 1023, their son, the well-known Gruffydd ap Llywelyn [q. v.], from 1039 to 1063. By her second marriage with Cynfyn ap Gwerstan she had two other sons, Rhiwallon and Bleddyn, of whom the latter, with no claim on the father's side, ruled Gwynedd and Powys from 1069 to 1075 and founded the mediaeval line of princes of Powys. [Annales Cambriae, Rolls ed. The dates given above are nearly all approximate.] J. E. L. [John Edward Lloyd]"
Research Notes: Wife - Angharad verch Maredudd ap Owain
From Dictionary of National Biography, vol. XII, p. 1015:
"Maredudd [ap Owain]'s only son, so far as is known, died before him. But so great was the prestige he acquired in his brief reign that his daughter, Angharad, was regarded, contrary to ordinary Welsh custom, as capable of transmitting some royal right to her descendants. Her first husband, Llywelyn ap Seisyll [q. v.], ruled Gwynedd from about 1010 to 1023, their son, the well-known Gruffydd ap Llywelyn [q. v.], from 1039 to 1063. By her second marriage with Cynfyn ap Gwerstan she had two other sons, Rhiwallon and Bleddyn, of whom the latter, with no claim on the father's side, ruled Gwynedd and Powys from 1069 to 1075 and founded the mediaeval line of princes of Powys. [Annales Cambriae, Rolls ed. The dates given above are nearly all approximate.] J. E. L. [John Edward Lloyd]"
Husband Einion ap Gwgan ap Merwydd 14
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Father: Gwgan ap Merwydd ap Collwyn ( - ) 14
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1 M Meredydd ap Einion ap Gwgan 14
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Husband Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn, King of Gwynedd & Powys & Seisyllwg 13 15 16 17
AKA: Rhodri the Great, Rhodri Mawr, Roderick "the Great"
Born: 789 - Caer Seiont (Caernarfon), Caernarfonshire, Wales
Christened:
Died: 878 - Anglesey, Wales 18
Buried:
Father: Merfyn ap Gwriad, King of Gwynedd (Abt 0764-0844) 15 19 20
Mother: Nest verch Cadell ( - ) 17 21 22
Marriage:
Noted events in his life were:
• Became ruler, of Gwynedd on the death of his father, 844
• Became ruler, of Powys on the death of his uncle, Cyngen, 855
• Victory, over Horm, the leader of the Danes (the Northmen), 856 - Anglesey, Wales
• Became ruler, of Seisyllwg on the death of his grother-in-law, Gwgon, 871
Wife Angharad ferch Gwgon ap Meurig 16 23
Born: Abt 811 - Ceredigion, Wales
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Father: Gwgon ap Meurig, King of Seisyllwg ( - ) 24
Mother:
Children
1 M Cadell ap Rhodri Mawr, King of Seisyllwg 25 26
Born: Cir 827 - Deheubarth, Wales
Christened:
Died: 910 27
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Spouse: Rheingar (Cir 0865- ) 25
2 M Anarawd ap Rhodri, King of Gwynedd and Powys 13 16 26 28
Born: Abt 857 - <Gwynedd>, Wales
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Died: 916 - <Wales> 29
Buried:
3 M Merfyn ap Rhodri, King of Powys 16 30
Born:
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Died: Abt 904 31
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4 F Nest verch Rhodri
Born:
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5 M Gwriad ap Rhodri 32
Born:
Christened:
Died: 878 - Anglesey, Wales 18
Buried:
Birth Notes: Husband - Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn, King of Gwynedd & Powys & Seisyllwg
May have been born sa late as 820.
Death Notes: Husband - Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn, King of Gwynedd & Powys & Seisyllwg
Killed in a battle against the English (Saxons) in 878.
Research Notes: Husband - Rhodri Mawr ap Merfyn, King of Gwynedd & Powys & Seisyllwg
King of Gwynedd and Powys and Seisyllwg
From A History of Wales, pp. 78-79:
"A chain of marriages begins around 800 when Gwriad, a native of the Isle of Man, who perhaps had links with the Men of the North, married Esyllt of the line of Maelgwn Fawr; their son, Merfyn, became kind of Gwynedd in 825 on the death of Esyllt's uncle, Hywel ap Rhodri, the last of the male descendants of Maelgwn Gwynedd. Merfyn was the first of the lineage known to historians as the second dynasty of Gwynedd. He married Nest of the house of Powys, and their son, Rhodri, married Angharad of the house of Seisyllwg (Ceredigion and Ystrad Tywi). Rhodri became ruler of Gwynedd in 844 on the death of his father, of Powys in 855 on the death of his uncle, Cyngen, and of Seisyllwg in 871 on the death of his brother-in-law, Gwgon; he died in 878, king of a realm extending from Anglesey to Gower.
"A later generation of chroniclers hailed Rhodri ap Merfyn as Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great), a distinction bestowed upon two other rulers in the same century--Charles the Great (Charlemagne, died 814) and Alfred the Great (died 899). The three tributes are of a similar nature--recognition of the achievements of men who contributed significantly to the growth of statehood among the nations of the Welsh, the Franks and the English. Unfortunately, the entire evidence relating to the life of Rhodri consists of a few sentences; yet he must have made a deep impression upon the Welsh, for in later centuries being of the line of Rhodri was a primary qualification for their rulers.
"Rhodri's fame sprang from his success as a warrior. That success was noted by The Ulster Chronicle and by Sedulius Scottus, an Irish scholar at the court of the Emperor Charles the Bald at Liège. It was his victory over the Northmen in 856 which brought him international acclaim...
"...Wales was less richly provided with the fertile land and with the navigable rivers which would have attracted [the Northmen], and the Welsh kings had considerable success in resisting them. Anglesey--a third of Bretland (Wales) according to Norse sources--bore the brunt of their attacks, and it was there, in 856, that Rhodri won his victory over Horm, the leader of the Danes, much to the delight of the Irish and the Franks.
"...By becoming the ruler of Powys, his mother's land, he inherited the old struggle between that kingdom and Mercia. Although Offa's Dyke had been constructed in order to define the territories of the Welsh and the English, this did not prevent the successors of Offa from attacking Wales... The pressure upon Powys continued; after 855, Rhodri was its defender, and he and his son, Gwriad, were killed in a battle against the English in 878."
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From Wikipedia - Rhodri the Great :
Rhodri the Great (in Welsh , Rhodri Mawr; occasionally in English , Roderick the Great) (c. 820-878) was the first ruler of Wales to be called 'Great', and the first to rule most of present-day Wales. He is referred to as "King of the Britons " by the Annals of Ulster . In some later histories, he is referred to as "King of Wales " but he did not rule all of Wales nor was this term used contemporaneously to describe him.
Lineage & inheritance
The son of Merfyn Frych , King of Gwynedd , and Nest ferch Cadell of the Royal line of Powys , he inherited the Kingdom of Gwynedd on his father's death in 844.
Defeat and death
On his return the following year, he and his son Gwriad were said to have been killed by the English under Alfred the Great , though the precise manner of his death is unknown. When his son, Anarawd ap Rhodri won a victory over the Mercians a few years later, it was hailed in the annals as "God's vengeance for Rhodri".
Succession
Rhodri died leaving three sons:
His heir, Anarawd ap Rhodri , who became the king of Gwynedd ;
His son Cadell ap Rhodri , who conquered Dyfed , which was later joined with Seisyllwg by Rhodri's grandson Hywel Dda to become Deheubarth . Like his grandfather, Hywel would come to rule most of Wales; and
His son Merfyn ap Rhodri , who became the king of the Powys .
When his maternal uncle Cyngen ap Cadell ruler of Powys died on a pilgrimage to Rome in 855 Rhodri inherited Powys. In 872 Gwgon, ruler of Seisyllwg in southern Wales, was accidentally drowned, and Rhodri added his Kingdom to his domains by virtue of his marriage to Angharad , Gwgon's sister. This made him the ruler of the larger part of Wales.
Resistance against Danes
Rhodri faced pressure both from the English and increasingly from the Danes , who were recorded as ravaging Anglesey in 854. In 856 Rhodri won a notable victory over the Danes, killing their leader Gorm (sometimes given as Horm). Two poems by Sedulius Scotus written at the court of Charles the Bald , King of the Western Franks , celebrate the victory of "Roricus" over the Norsemen.
In 877 Rhodri fought another battle against the Norse invaders on Anglesey, after which he had to flee to Ireland .
Death Notes: Child - Gwriad ap Rhodri
Husband Gruffydd ap Gwilym, Lord of Penrhyn and Cwchwillan 33 34 35
AKA: Gruffydd ap Guilym, Griffith ap Gwilym
Born: Abt 1322 - Penrhyn Castle, Llandegai, (Bangor), Caernarfonshire, (Gwynedd), Wales
Christened:
Died: 1405 - Austria-Hungary
Buried:
Father: Gwilym ap Gruffydd ap Heilen, Lord of Penrhyn and Cwchwillan (Abt 1300-Aft 1353)
Mother: Eva verch Gruffydd ap David, of Cwchwillan ( - )
Marriage: Abt 1360
Wife Generys verch Madog ap Gronwy Fychan 36 37 38 39
AKA: Generis verch Madoc of Penmynydd, Anglesey, Genesis verch Madoc, Generys verch Madog ap Goronwy Fychan
Born: Abt 1326 - Penmynydd, Anglesey, Wales
Christened:
Died:
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Father: Madog ap Goronwy Fychan, of Tref Castell (Abt 1292- ) 37 40
Mother: Margred verch Robert (Abt 1304- ) 41
Children
1 M Gwilym ap Gruffydd, Lord of Penrhyn 33 39 42 43
AKA: Gwilym ap Gruffudd ap Gwilym of Penrhyn
Born: Abt 1365 - Penrhyn Castle, Llandegai, (Bangor), Caernarfonshire, (Gwynedd), Wales
Christened:
Died: 1431 - Austria-Hungary
Buried:
Spouse: Morfydd verch Goronwy ap Tudur, of Penmynydd ( -Bef 1405) 39 44
Marr: Abt 1390
Spouse: Jonet Stanley, of Hooton (Abt 1380-1466) 33 34 45 46 47 48 49
Marr: Aft 1405
2 F Jonet verch Gruffudd ap Gwilym
Born: Abt 1376 - Cetheiniog, Caernarfonshire, Wales
Christened:
Died:
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3 M Robin ap Gruffydd, of Cochwillan 33 38 39
AKA: Robert ab Gruffydd of Cwchwillan
Born:
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Died:
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Spouse: Lowry verch Gronw ap Jevan, of Eifionydd ( - ) 38
4 M Rhys ap Gruffydd, of Nant in Tegeingl
Born:
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Died:
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Research Notes: Husband - Gruffydd ap Gwilym, Lord of Penrhyn and Cwchwillan
The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog, Vol. IV, p. 342 shows him as "Gruffydd Gwilym, Lord of Penrhyn and Cwchwillan," who was the second son of "Gwilym Gruffydd, Lord of Penrhyn and Cwchwillan."
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From Reifsnyder-Gillam Ancestry, p. 57:
'Wm. Vaughan (Vychan) Chamberlain of No. Wales (son of Gwilym ab Gruffydd ab Gullym ab Gruffydd ab Heilen, by his 2d wife Sioned (Jonet) D. of Sir W. Stanley of Hooton, Chamberlain of No. Wales and Chester), and had all the land of his father, adn the lands also of Paris, (from whom Paris Mountain), by his mother's influence, and in the 18th year of Henry VI. (1440) he got himself made a denizen of England, under covenant that he should not marry any Welsh woman, so he married Alice, dau. and heir of Sir Richard Dalton, kt., by a daughter of Lord Clifford, his wife. Their son, Sir william Griffith, Hael (the Liberal), m. Jane, dau. of Sir Wm. Troutbeck, Kt., by his wife, a sister to Sir Thomas Stanley.'
---
From Welsh Biography Online (http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s1-GRIF-PEN-1300.html) :
"(2) GRIFFITH AP GWILYM (d. 1405) m. (c. 1360) Generys, daughter and heiress of Madog ap Goronwy Fychan who was third in descent from Ednyfed Fychan through his son, Goronwy , ancestor of the Tudors (see under Ednyfed Fychan ). She brought to her husband lands at Gwredog in Anglesey, together with her share of the family lands at 'Gafael Goronwy ab Ednyfed,' in the township of Cororion in Caernarvonshire. 'Gafael Goronwy ab Ednyfed' was the nucleus of the Penrhyn estate and the whole Gafael corresponds roughly to the present Penrhyn demesne, or park. This marriage marks the first link between the Griffith family and Penrhyn, but Griffith ap Gwilym lived throughout his life in north-east Wales. With his brother BLEDDYN, he d. in rebellion with Owain Glyndwr (q.v.) before Oct. 1406, but Bleddyn's descendants, together with those of Griffith ap Gwilym, through his youngest son, Rhys, continued to be represented in Flintshire and Denbighshire until the 16th cent. The personal connection of the family with Anglesey and Caernarvonshire began with the eldest and second sons of Griffith ap Gwilym."
By the will of Gwilym ap Griffith of Llaniestyn, dated 1375, the son of Gwilym ap Griffith ap Heilen and Eva verch Griffith, Griffith ap Gwilym inherited further lands in Anglesey and Caernarvonshire.
Research Notes: Wife - Generys verch Madog ap Gronwy Fychan
Daughter and heiress of Madog ap Goronwy Fychan
From Welsh Biography Online (http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s1-GRIF-PEN-1300.html) :
"(2) GRIFFITH AP GWILYM (d. 1405) m. (c. 1360) Generys, daughter and heiress of Madog ap Goronwy Fychan who was third in descent from Ednyfed Fychan through his son, Goronwy , ancestor of the Tudors (see under Ednyfed Fychan ). She brought to her husband lands at Gwredog in Anglesey, together with her share of the family lands at 'Gafael Goronwy ab Ednyfed,' in the township of Cororion in Caernarvonshire. 'Gafael Goronwy ab Ednyfed' was the nucleus of the Penrhyn estate and the whole Gafael corresponds roughly to the present Penrhyn demesne, or park. This marriage marks the first link between the Griffith family and Penrhyn, but Griffith ap Gwilym lived throughout his life in north-east Wales. With his brother BLEDDYN, he d. in rebellion with Owain Glyndwr (q.v.) before Oct. 1406, but Bleddyn's descendants, together with those of Griffith ap Gwilym, through his youngest son, Rhys, continued to be represented in Flintshire and Denbighshire until the 16th cent. The personal connection of the family with Anglesey and Caernarvonshire began with the eldest and second sons of Griffith ap Gwilym."
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From Annals and Antiquities, Vol. I, p. 362: "Gruffydd ap Gwilym, of Penrhyn and Cochwillan, by Generis, his wife, dau. and h. of Madoc ap Grono, or Gronwy, Fychan, of Penmynydd, Anglesey ("ap Gronwy ap Ednyfed Fychan"--Dwnn), had three sons and two daus."
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From History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, Vol. IV, p. 342: "Generys, d. of Goronwy Fychan ab Goronwy ab Ednyfed Fychan of Tref Castell, Penmynydd, Arddreiniog, and Tref Gayan." 33
Notes: Marriage
Source: Welsh Biography Online (http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s1-GRIF-PEN-1300.html)
Birth Notes: Child - Gwilym ap Gruffydd, Lord of Penrhyn
Glenda Turcks http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=DESC&db=nanatea&id=I33919 gives b. abt 1330, d. abt 1431. Another source says b. abt 1365.
Husband Llywelyn ap Heilyn, of Bodorgan 50 51 52
AKA: Llewellyn ap Heilen of Bodorgan, Llywelyn Ap Hwlcyn
Born: Cir 1400
Christened:
Died:
Buried:
Marriage:
Other Spouse: Marsli verch Ieuan Llwyd ( - )
Wife Angharad verch Gwilym ap Gruffydd 51
Born:
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Died:
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Children
1 M Meurig ap Llewelyn, of Bodorgan 53 54 55 56
AKA: Meirig ap Llywelyn of Bodorgan, Meyrick Ap Llywelyn of Bodorgan
Born: Bef 1451 - Bodorgan, Llangadwaladr, Anglesey, Wales
Christened:
Died: 30 Nov 1538
Buried:
Spouse: Margaret ferch Ieuan Fychan ap Ieuan ( - ) 53
Spouse: Margaret verch Rowland ap Howell, of Caer Geilwg ( - )
Research Notes: Husband - Llywelyn ap Heilyn, of Bodorgan
He fought in the battle of Bosworth.
From Welsh Biography Online:
"MEYRICK family, Bodorgan , Anglesey . This family is descended from Cadafael, lord of Cedewain in Powys, but it was in the Tudor period that it first came into prominence. LLEWELYN AP HEILYN fought under Henry Tudor at the battle of Bosworth; his son MEURIG AP LLEWELYN served under Henry VIII, was promoted to be captain of the bodyguard, and was given the Crown Lease of the manor of Aberffraw."
Research Notes: Wife - Angharad verch Gwilym ap Gruffydd
The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, Vol. VI, P. 202, has "Angharad, d. of Gwilym ab Gruffydd ab Davydd ab Gruffydd ab Sychan ab Gruffydd ab Llywelyn ab Caswallawn ab Howel ab Owain Gwynedd."
Sources
1. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 8 Aug 2009.
2. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 112-24 (Henry I).
3. Wikipedia.org, Alfonso VI of León and Castile.
4. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 113-23 (Constance of Burgundy).
5. Lloyd, Jacob Youde William, The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog, and the Ancient Lords of Arwystli, Cedewen, and Meirionydd. (Vol. 5. London: Whiting & Co., 1885.), p. 102.
6. Website:, http://www.varrall.net/pafg59.htm#1167.
7. Website:, http://www.varrall.net/pafg59.htm#1168.
8. Website:, http://www.varrall.net/pafg58.htm#1166.
9. Davies, John, A History of Wales. (Rev. ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.), p. 81.
10. Lee, Sidney, ed, Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. XII (New York, 1909.), p. 1015.
11. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 176-1 (Llywelyn ap Seisyll).
12. Weis, Frederick Lewis and Walter Lee Sheppard, Jr; William R. Beall and Kaleen E. Beall, eds, Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America before 1700 (8th ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 2008.), Line 176-1.
13. http://www.familysearch.org, Cit. Date: 17 Jul 2009.
14. Lloyd, Jacob Youde William, The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog (Vol. 6. London: Whiting & Co., 1887.), p. 121.
15. Davies, John, A History of Wales. (Rev. ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.), pp. 78-79.
16. Website:, http://www.varrall.net/pafg58.htm#1160.
17. Wikipedia.org, Rhodri the Great.
18. Ingram, James, translator, The Annales Cambriae 447-954 (The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Everyman Press, 1912.), 877 Rhodri and his son Gwriad is killed by the Saxons.
19. Wikipedia.org, Merfyn Frych; Rhodri the Great. Cit. Date: 22 Sep 2009.
20. Website:, http://www.varrall.net/pafg58.htm#1162.
21. Davies, John, A History of Wales. (Rev. ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.)
22. Website:, http://www.varrall.net/pafg58.htm#1741.
23. Davies, John, A History of Wales. (Rev. ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.), pp. 80-81.
24. Davies, John, A History of Wales. (Rev. ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.), PP.80-81.
25. Website:, http://www.varrall.net/pafg58.htm#1159.
26. Davies, John, A History of Wales. (Rev. ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.), p. 83.
27. Ingram, James, translator, The Annales Cambriae 447-954 (The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Everyman Press, 1912.), 909 King Cadell son of Rhodri dies.
28. Wikipedia.org, Anarawd ap Rhodri; Rhodri the Great. Cit. Date: 20 Sep 2009.
29. Ingram, James, translator, The Annales Cambriae 447-954 (The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Everyman Press, 1912.)
30. Wikipedia.org, Merfyn ap Rhodri. Cit. Date: 20 Sep 2009.
31. Ingram, James, translator, The Annales Cambriae 447-954 (The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. London: Everyman Press, 1912.), 903 Merfyn son of Rhodri died and Llywarch son of Hyfaidd dies.
32. Davies, John, A History of Wales. (Rev. ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.), p. 82.
33. Lloyd, Jacob Youde William, The History of the Princes, the Lords Marcher, and the Ancient Nobility of Powys Fadog, and the Ancient Lords of Arwystli, Cedewen, and Meirionydd. (Vol. 4. London: Whiting & Co., 1884.), p. 342.
34. Glenn, Thomas Allen, ed, Reifsnyder-Gillam Ancestry. (Philadelphia: (Privately Printed), 1902.), p. 57.
35. Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion, Dictionary of Welsh Biography (National Library of Wales. 2007. Welsh Biography Online. <http://wbo.llgc.org.uk/en/index.html> ), http://yba.llgc.org.uk/en/s1-GRIF-PEN-1300.html) :.
36. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=mjr6387&id=I64661.
37. http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi. Rec. Date: 25 Aug 2001, http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=:752644&id=I34986958.
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